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emic unit
An emic unit is a type of abstract object analyzed in linguistics and related fields. Kinds of emic units are generally denoted by terms with the suffix ''-eme'', such as phoneme, grapheme, and morpheme. An emic unit is defined by Nöth (1995) as "an invariant form obtained from the reduction of a class of variant forms to a limited number of abstract units". The variant forms are called etic units (from ''phonetic''). This means that a given emic unit is considered to be a single underlying object that may have a number of different observable "surface" representations.
The various etic units that represent a given emic unit of a certain kind are denoted by a corresponding term with the prefix ''allo-'', such as allophone, allograph, allomorph (corresponding respectively to phoneme, grapheme, morpheme). The relation between an emic unit and the corresponding etic forms is sometimes called the allo/eme relationship.
==History and terminology==
The first "emic unit" to be considered, in the late 19th century, was the phoneme. This term was originally used (in its French form ''phonème'') to refer simply to a speech sound, but it soon came to be used to denote an abstract concept as it does today (for more details, see Phoneme: Background and related ideas). The word comes from the (ギリシア語:φώνημα), ''phōnēma'', meaning "that which is sounded", from the verb φωνέω, ''phōneō'', "sound", which comes in turn from the noun φωνή, ''phōnē'', "sound". Other emic units, such as ''morpheme'' and ''grapheme'', came to be named using the ''-eme'' suffix by analogy with ''phoneme''. The actual terms "emic unit" and "etic unit" were introduced by Kenneth Pike (1954).
The prefix ''allo-'' used in terms such as ''allophone'' is from the Ancient Greek ἄλλος meaning "other". The prefix is also used in chemistry.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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